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中华诊断学电子杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 12 ›› Issue (03) : 199 -205. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-655X.2024.03.011

综述

带状疱疹后神经痛的发病机制和诊治研究进展
厉若男1, 宋进2, 王玉忠2,()   
  1. 1. 272067 济宁医学院临床医学院
    2. 272029 济宁医学院附属医院神经内科
  • 收稿日期:2024-03-11 出版日期:2024-08-26
  • 通信作者: 王玉忠
  • 基金资助:
    泰山学者青年专家人才项目(tsqn202103189)

Progress on the pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment of postherpetic neuralgia

Ruonan Li1, Jin Song2, Yuzhong Wang2,()   

  1. 1. College of Clinical Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
    2. Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining 272029, China
  • Received:2024-03-11 Published:2024-08-26
  • Corresponding author: Yuzhong Wang
引用本文:

厉若男, 宋进, 王玉忠. 带状疱疹后神经痛的发病机制和诊治研究进展[J]. 中华诊断学电子杂志, 2024, 12(03): 199-205.

Ruonan Li, Jin Song, Yuzhong Wang. Progress on the pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment of postherpetic neuralgia[J]. Chinese Journal of Diagnostics(Electronic Edition), 2024, 12(03): 199-205.

带状疱疹是由潜伏在颅神经神经节和脊髓背根神经节内的水痘-带状疱疹病毒再激活后导致的皮肤感染。带状疱疹后神经痛(PHN)是其最常见的慢性并发症,好发于老年人及免疫抑制患者,因其具有难治性的特点而严重影响患者的工作和生活质量。以往对PHN的介绍多数聚焦于临床研究和治疗策略,而对其发病机制的深入探讨较少。笔者从PHN相关的基础研究出发,详细综述了PHN的发病机制、危险因素、病情预估以及防治措施的现状与研究进展,旨在为PHN的临床诊治提供参考。

Herpes zoster is a skin infection caused by reactivation of the latent varicella-zoster virus in the cranial ganglia and dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord. Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most common chronic complication of herpes zoster. It occurs in the elderly and immunosuppressed patients, and seriously affects the patients′ work and quality of life due to its refractory nature. In the past, most of the studies on PHN focused on clinical research and therapeutic strategies, but less on its specific pathogenesis. This article summarizes the current status and progress of clinical research on PHN in its pathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis, and preventive and curative measures, aiming to provide a reference for clinical prevention and treatment of PHN.

图1 带状疱疹感染引发神经痛的机制模式图注:a图为潜伏期,潜伏于背根神经节的VZV在某些特定条件下再激活;b图为急性疼痛期,VZV激活后导致神经元直接损伤及炎性损伤,造成单神经炎;电压门控钠通道表达增加及电流振幅增加等因素均参与了该过程;c图为慢性疼痛期,脊髓背根、周围神经后期发生萎缩、变性及纤维化、髓鞘丢失等不可逆损伤,以及再生的神经纤维、重建的突触联系及异位放电产生自发兴奋等均可引起PHN慢性期疼痛。VZV为水痘-带状疱疹病毒;PHN为带状疱疹后神经痛
表1 带状疱疹后神经痛常用对症治疗药物
药物 剂量(成人) 不良反应 注意事项
局部治疗      
利多卡因贴片 5.0%;每日最多使用3贴 局部红斑、皮疹 避免对酰胺局部麻醉剂过敏的患者
辣椒素乳膏 0.075%;每日4次 红斑、皮疹、用药局部刺痛感 避免接触眼睛和黏膜
辣椒素贴片 8.0%;贴于患处持续30~90 min 红斑、皮疹、用药局部刺痛感 避免接触眼睛和黏膜;由临床医生每3个月进行1次用药
全身治疗      
加巴喷丁 在给药第1天可采用300 mg/次qd;第2天为300 mg/次bid;第3天为300 mg/次tid。随后可根据疼痛的需要逐渐增加剂量至每日1 800 mg,分3次服用 嗜睡、头晕、疲劳、复视、感觉异常、水肿、体重增加 禁用于加巴喷丁过敏者及急性胰腺炎患者;慎用于肾功能不全患者
普瑞巴林 起始剂量可为75 mg/次bid;1周内根据疗效及耐受性增加至150 mg/次bid;2~4周后仍未缓解且耐受本品者增加至300 mg/次bid;最大剂量为每天600 mg 同加巴喷丁 同加巴喷丁
阿米替林 睡前口服10~25 mg初始剂量,然后每周增加10~25 mg,达到75~150 mg/d的目标剂量 视力模糊、便秘,口干、嗜睡、尿潴留、体重增加 停止治疗时应逐渐减少剂量;慎用于老年人;禁用于患有心律不齐、青光眼、癫痫发作或自杀风险的患者;避免同时使用曲马多、选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂(5-羟色胺综合征的风险)
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