中医诊疗以整体观和辨证论治为核心，其诊断系"形而上者谓之道"，侧重于功能状态与关系失衡的宏观把握。西医诊疗则基于解剖、生理与分子生物学，其诊断系"形而下者谓之器"，致力于实体结构与特定病原的微观探寻。本文从基础理论、临床实践、技术进展、预防医学、病理机制、诊断技术、治疗策略、争议点及未来展望九个维度，系统探讨了中医与西医两种医学体系在诊疗思路上的根本差异与潜在互补性，并以神志病为例深入分析了两者在理论与方法学上的各自优势与局限。最终指出，中西医结合的真正价值在于"道器并举"，即哲学思辨与实证技术的深度融合，这为构建更全面、更具包容性的未来医学范式提供了关键路径。

This paper systematically explores the fundamental differences and potential synergy between Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. TCM, centered on holism and syndrome differentiation, embodies a diagnostic philosophy characterized as the intangible " Dao", emphasizing the macroscopic grasp of functional states and relational imbalances. Conversely, Western Medicine, grounded in anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology, utilizes an empirical methodology focused on the " Qi", targeting the microscopic exploration of anatomical structures and specific pathogens. This article systematically examines the fundamental differences and potential complementarities between the two medical systems in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches across nine dimensions, namely foundational theories, clinical practice, technological advances, preventive medicine, pathological mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies, controversial issues, and future prospects. Using mental disorders (Shenzhi disease) as a case study, it provides an in-depth analysis of their respective theoretical and methodological strengths and limitations. The paper concludes that the true value of integrating Chinese and Western Medicine lies in " harmonizing Dao and Qi", that is, the deep integration of philosophical thinking and empirical technology, which provides a critical pathway for constructing a more comprehensive and inclusive future medical paradigm.