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中华诊断学电子杂志 ›› 2026, Vol. 14 ›› Issue (03) : 193 -200. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-655X.2026.03.007

病例诊断思维

Gitelman综合征合并可逆性糖代谢异常一例并文献复习
胡叶凡, 徐旭凌, 赵秀丽, 张倩茹, 张漫漫, 龚慧, 刘晓燕, 沈娟, 叶宽萍, 马晓文, 陈凤玲()   
  1. 201900 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院内分泌科
  • 收稿日期:2026-03-20 出版日期:2026-08-26
  • 通信作者: 陈凤玲

A case of Gitelman syndrome complicated by reversible glucose metabolism disorder and literature review

Yefan Hu, Xuling Xu, Xiuli Zhao, Qianru Zhang, Manman Zhang, Hui Gong, Xiaoyan Liu, Juan Shen, Kuanping Ye, Xiaowen Ma, Fengling Chen()   

  1. Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People′s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 201900, China
  • Received:2026-03-20 Published:2026-08-26
  • Corresponding author: Fengling Chen
引用本文:

胡叶凡, 徐旭凌, 赵秀丽, 张倩茹, 张漫漫, 龚慧, 刘晓燕, 沈娟, 叶宽萍, 马晓文, 陈凤玲. Gitelman综合征合并可逆性糖代谢异常一例并文献复习[J/OL]. 中华诊断学电子杂志, 2026, 14(03): 193-200.

Yefan Hu, Xuling Xu, Xiuli Zhao, Qianru Zhang, Manman Zhang, Hui Gong, Xiaoyan Liu, Juan Shen, Kuanping Ye, Xiaowen Ma, Fengling Chen. A case of Gitelman syndrome complicated by reversible glucose metabolism disorder and literature review[J/OL]. Chinese Journal of Diagnostics(Electronic Edition), 2026, 14(03): 193-200.

目的

探讨合并可逆性糖代谢异常的Gitelman综合征(GS)的临床诊断特征及分子遗传学机制。

方法

回顾性分析2020年7月20日于上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院内分泌科诊治的1例合并可逆性糖代谢异常的GS患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献。

结果

患者男性,31岁,血糖水平严重升高(随机血糖> 33 mmol/L,糖化血红蛋白12.6%),严重低血钾(2.40 mmol/L)、低血镁(0.41 mmol/L),伴卧位血醛固酮(251.61 ng/L)、立位肾素活性[5.83 ng/(mL·h)]及尿醛固酮(22.31 μg/d)水平偏高,但血浆醛固酮/肾素比值未见升高,24 h尿钙(0.92 mmol)正常,血压正常,未见代谢性碱中毒,肾上腺、甲状腺及儿茶酚胺相关检查均未见异常。全外显子组测序及Sanger测序家系验证,确诊为GS(携带SLC12A3基因IVS7EX8B与D486N复合杂合突变),经补钾补镁联合降糖治疗后,患者症状、血糖和电解质水平明显改善。出院后2个月停用降糖药物,血糖仍长期控制良好,空腹血糖不超过6.0 mmol/L,餐后血糖波动在5.0~6.0 mmo/L。随访1年糖化血红蛋白5.3%;血钾2.5~3.5 mol/L。

结论

基因检测对GS早期诊断及表型评估至关重要。GS患者易发生糖代谢受损,及时补充钾镁可改善血糖控制,甚至停用降糖药物。

Objective

To investigate the clinical diagnostic characteristics and molecular genetic mechanisms of Gitelman syndrome(GS) combined with reversible glucose metabolism disorder.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of a GS patient with reversible glucose metabolism disorder who was admitted to the Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of the Ninth People′s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine on July 20, 2020, and the relevant literature was reviewed.

Results

A 31-year-old man was admitted with severe hyperglycemia (random blood glucose >33 mmol/L, HbA1c 12.6%), profound hypokalemia (2.40 mmol/L), and hypomagnesemia (0.41 mmol/L). The levels of supine plasma aldosterone (251.61 ng/L), upright plasma renin activity [5.83 ng/(mL·h)], and urinary aldosterone (22.31 μg/d) were mildly elevated, whereas the aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR) was normal. His blood pressure and 24-hour urinary calcium(0.92 mmol) were within normal limits, and no metabolic alkalosis was observed, with no evidence of adrenal, thyroid, or catecholamine abnormalities. Whole-exome sequencing combined with Sanger sequencing validation identified a compound heterozygous variation in the SLC12A3 gene (IVS7EX8B and D486N). Following potassium and magnesium repletion combined with antidiabetic therapy, his clinical symptoms, blood glucose, and electrolyte levels improved significantly. Notably, all glucose-lowering agents were successfully withdrawn two months post-discharge, and normal glycemic control was steadily maintained (fasting glucose ≤6.0 mmol/L; postprandial glucose, 5.0-6.0 mmol/L). At the 1-year follow-up, HbA1c was 5.3%, and serum potassium ranged from 2.5 to 3.5 mmol/L.

Conclusions

Genetic testing is of great value for early diagnosis and phenotypic evaluation. Patients with GS are prone to impaired glucose metabolism. Timely potassium and magnesium repletion can improve glycemic control and even allow discontinuation of glucose-lowering medications.

表1 Gitelman综合征合并2型糖尿病患者的实验室检查
检查项目 水平 正常参考值
糖代谢指标、胰岛功能    
空腹血糖(mmol/L) 9.7 3.9~6.1
空腹血浆胰岛素(mU/L) 1.77 2.60~24.90
空腹血浆C肽(nmol/L) 0.256 0.364~1.456
餐后2 h血糖(mmol/L) 18.9 ≤7.8
餐后2 h血浆胰岛素(mU/L) 10.96  
餐后2 h血浆C肽(nmol/L) 0.686  
糖化血红蛋白(%) 12.6 4.0~6.0
胰岛素自身抗体 阴性 阴性
胰岛细胞抗体IgG 阴性 阴性
谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(U/mL) 0.93 0~10.00
血脂    
甘油三酯(mmol/L) 3.43 <1.70
总胆固醇(mmol/L) 4.88 3.00~5.70
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L) 3.11 1.50~3.88
高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(mmol/L) 0.98 1.03~1.55
血电解质    
血钠(mmol/L) 131 137~147
血钾(mmol/L) 2.40 3.50~5.30
血氯(mmol/L) 92 99~110
血钙(mmol/L) 1.09 2.11~2.52
血镁(mmol/L) 0.41 0.75~1.02
血磷(mmol/L) 1.42 0.85~1.51
血肌酐(μmol/L) 67 57~97
24 h尿电解质    
尿量(mL) 4 200 1 000~2 000
尿钠(mmol) 533 40~200
尿氯(mmol) 499.80 170.00~250.00
尿镁(mmol) 14.62 3.00~5.00
尿钾(mmol) 46.20 25.00~125.00
尿钙(mmol) 0.92 0~6.20
尿磷(mmol) 25.97 12.90~42.00
血气分析    
pH值 7.43 7.35~7.45
碳酸氢盐(mmol/L) 27.40 21.00~28.00
标准碳酸氢盐(mmol/L) 26.90 21.00~28.00
实际碱剩余(mmol/L) 2.80 -3.00~3.00
标准碱剩余(mmol/L) 3.10 -3.00~3.00
二氧化碳分压(mmHg) 41.1 35.00~45.00
氧分压(mmHg) 79.7 80.00~100.00
氧饱和度(%) 97 95~100
肾素-血管紧张素Ⅱ-醛固酮系统    
血肾素卧位[ng/(mL·h)] 2.03 0.15~2.33
血管紧张素Ⅱ卧位(ng/L) 61.75 23.00~75.00
血醛固酮卧位(ng/L) 251.61 10.00~160.00
ARR卧位 12.39 0~30.00
血肾素立位[ng/(mL·h)] 5.83 1.31~3.95
血管紧张素Ⅱ立位(ng/L) 71.40 32.00~90.00
血醛固酮立位(ng/L) 270.87 40.00~310.00
ARR站位 4.65 0~30.00
尿液醛固酮(μg/d) 22.31 3.00~15.00
血浆甲氧基肾上腺素类似物    
3-甲氧基酪胺(nmol/L) <0.08 <0.18
甲氧基肾上腺素(nmol/L) <0.08 ≤0.5
甲氧基去甲肾上腺素(nmol/L) <0.08 ≤0.9
24 h尿液儿茶酚胺    
肾上腺素(nmol) 71.86 0~80
去甲肾上腺素(nmol) 183.73 89.00~473.00
多巴胺(nmol) 1321.07 420.00~2 600.00
垂体激素    
ACTH(0点,ng/L) 10.60 0~46
ACTH(8点,ng/L) 15.10 0~46
ACTH(16点,ng/L) 13.60 0~46
皮质醇    
血皮质醇(0点,nmol/L) 2.80 <10.00
血皮质醇(8点,nmol/L) 8.81 6.70~22.60
血皮质醇(16点,nmol/L) 6.02 <10.00
24 h尿皮质醇(μmol) 0.439 0.108~1.060
性激素    
睾酮(nmol/L) 10.02 6.00~27.10
雌二醇(pmol/L) 203 73~173
黄体生成素(U/L) 4.69 1.24~8.62
卵泡刺激素(U/L) 4.02 1.27~19.26
催乳素(U/L) 12.10 2.64~13.13
24 h动态血压    
平均动态收缩压(mmHg) 107 90~140
平均动态舒张压(mmHg) 62 60~90
甲状腺功能    
游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(pmol/L) 5.53 3.50~6.50
游离甲状腺素(pmol/L) 18.36 11.50~22.70
三碘甲状腺原氨酸(nmol/L) 1.97 0.92~2.79
甲状腺素(nmol/L) 104.5 58.1~140.6
促甲状腺激素(mU/L) 3.72 0.55~4.78
促甲状腺激素受体抗体(U/L) 0.25 0~1.50
抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(U/mL) 8.70 0~34.00
甲状腺球蛋白抗体(U/mL) <10 0~115
甲状腺球蛋白(μg/L) 21.82 3.50~77.00
甲状腺结合力 1.04 0.80~1.30
反三碘甲状腺原氨酸(nmol/L) 0.63 0.31~0.95
降钙素(ng/L) <0.585 0~2.460
骨代谢    
甲状旁腺激素(ng/L) 4.43 15.00~65.00
骨钙素(μg/L) 7.04 -42.00~14.00
总维生素D(μg/L) 19.35 <20.00缺乏,20.00~30.00不足,30.00~100.00充足,>100.00中毒
图1 Gitelman综合征合并2型糖尿病患者及父母SLC12A3基因Sanger测序峰图
表2 Gitelman综合征合并2型糖尿病患者SLC12A3基因突变生物信息学分析
表3 Gitelman综合征合并2型糖尿病患者补钾量及血钾、血镁、血钙动态变化
图2 Gitelman综合征合并2型糖尿病患者出院后血钾、血镁、血钙波动情况注:a图为血钾、血钙波动情况;b图为血镁波动情况
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