This paper systematically explores the fundamental differences and potential synergy between Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Western Medicine in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. TCM, centered on holism and syndrome differentiation, embodies a diagnostic philosophy characterized as the intangible " Dao", emphasizing the macroscopic grasp of functional states and relational imbalances. Conversely, Western Medicine, grounded in anatomy, physiology, and molecular biology, utilizes an empirical methodology focused on the " Qi", targeting the microscopic exploration of anatomical structures and specific pathogens. This article systematically examines the fundamental differences and potential complementarities between the two medical systems in terms of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches across nine dimensions, namely foundational theories, clinical practice, technological advances, preventive medicine, pathological mechanisms, diagnostic techniques, treatment strategies, controversial issues, and future prospects. Using mental disorders (Shenzhi disease) as a case study, it provides an in-depth analysis of their respective theoretical and methodological strengths and limitations. The paper concludes that the true value of integrating Chinese and Western Medicine lies in " harmonizing Dao and Qi", that is, the deep integration of philosophical thinking and empirical technology, which provides a critical pathway for constructing a more comprehensive and inclusive future medical paradigm.