Visual pathway nervous system, especially retinal nerve fibers, is the extension of nerve fibers in the cerebral cortex, which is derived from the development and differentiation of the ectoderm. Four of the 10 layers of retina are highly similar in function to the 4 of the 6 layers of gray matter, which regulate each other. Therefore, the retina has the title of "window of the brain" . In the past three decades, many scholars had explored the abnormal manifestations of visual system structure and function in schizophrenic patients from various perspectives, and many studies had explored the relationship between the changes of visual system structure and function and mental and neurological diseases, such as the predictive role of Parkinson′s disease, the predictive role of funds lesions in dementia, and the abnormal eyeball scanning in schizophrenia. In the past 10 years, with the rapid development of ophthalmic detection instruments, exploring the visual system structure and the relationship with schizophrenia has been pushed to a new platform again. This paper reviews the research context of visual system-brain covariance in the past three decades, and proposes some research directions in the future, in order to enhance our in-depth understanding of this field.